Europa Universalis IV. Mary of Lotharingia Achievement Question. giovdb. Jun 18, 2020. Jump to latest Follow Reply. It's not possible to get this achievement with …Earlier today I started a campaign as Burgundy in 1.32 with the silly idea to do Burgundy -> Lotharingia -> France (lmao). It started really well with me being able to take the League of the public weal mission in 1449 and declaring on France and winning that war. But I have two problems. First of all, I have to dabble into some of the most ...neondt. May 5, 2020. Hello! Welcome to another dev diary for Europa Universalis IV: Emperor. Today we’ll be revealing new content for Burgundy, famous in this era for its immensely confusing succession crisis that forever altered the balance of power in Europe and laid the foundations for Dutch independence. We’ll begin with the new ...After his half-brother Zwentibold was deposed as King of Lotharingia, he was recognised as LOUIS III King of Lotharingia at Thionville and at Aachen in Mar 900. (b) ZWENTIBOLD ([870/71]-killed in battle 13 Aug 900, bur [Süsteren or Echternach]). He was installed as ZWENTIBOLD King of Lotharingia in May 895 by his father.Go to eu4 r/eu4 • by No-Communication3880. 1494 Mary of Lotharingia . I united the HRE, united in a coalition against me! comment sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. No-Communication3880 • • ...As title. Is it only Lorraine which can reform into Lotharingia in EU4 Expanded? I’m not seeing a Decision in Burgundy’s menu or a mission which matches the base game equivalent to the Crown of Lothair mission, or any way to trigger the ‘Lothair’s Legacy’ event.EU4 1.35 Burgundy into France or Lotharingia. With Frances new OP mission tree, is there any reason to form Lotharingia as Burgundy instead of France (except for the Achievement of course). Going Burgundy->Netherlands->France->HRE seems so much better than Burgundy->Lotharingia without being that much more of an effort... Archived post.Sep 14, 2018 · Europa Universalis 4 Wiki. Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4Empire of SinCities: Skylines 2Crusader Kings 3Europa Universalis 4Hearts of Iron 4Hunter: The ReckoningImperator: RomeMillenniaPrison ArchitectStellarisSurviving MarsSurviving the AftermathWerewolf: the ApocalypseVampire: The MasqueradeVictoria 3. Legacy Wikis. To form Lotharingia as Burgundy, the player must complete the mission ‘ The Crown of Lothair ’. This requires that the player first navigate the Burgundian Succession Crisis and join the HRE. Burgundy players without the Emperor expansion and Lorraine players form Lotharingia via a decision with the same prerequisites instead. id.Source of my mix-up being that Lotharingia was inherited by East Francia that would become the HRE. But the third kingdom in the HRE is indeed the kingdom of Burgundy. Despite this, i can understand and agree with Lotharingia being added in the game, as Charles le Téméraire did try to get the Lotharingian crown from the emperor.An EU4 Burgundy Guide focusing on your Starting Moves, explaining eu4 burgundy early to mid game moves in detail how to manage your eu4 1.31 leviathan monume...draxxilion. • 4 yr. ago. Lotharingian ideas are much better for mid-late game, and even arguably better at the start; definitely recommend switching ideas. 11. -Duiker-. • 4 yr. ago. If you want to expand militarily use the Lotharingian ideas. You also get more claims. However, you will make less money from Trade - I usually lose about 25% ...I kept my ruler alive until 82 years old. Named her Marie for achievement :) Upgrade your advisors man. 337K subscribers in the eu4 community. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by….draxxilion. • 4 yr. ago. Lotharingian ideas are much better for mid-late game, and even arguably better at the start; definitely recommend switching ideas. 11. -Duiker-. • 4 yr. ago. If you want to expand militarily use the Lotharingian ideas. You also get more claims. However, you will make less money from Trade - I usually lose about 25% ...I could not find these anywhere since the update just came out today, so I decided I’d share them here for everyone. The Lotharingian Traditions are: National manpower modifier: …The Many Thrones of the Plantagenet. +50% Chance of new heir. −10 Years for personal union integration. Reformed Angevin Infantry. +10% Infantry combat ability. The Seneschal of France. +15% Governing capacity modifier. Rule of …Join the community of channel sponsors: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEJ_Xym5BAudCl_s0m-yCbg/joinThe idea for this video was suggested to me by my subscr...Hey guys, welcome to the latest EU4 expansion, the Emperor patch!In this first campaign, we'll be playing as Burgundy, trying to form Lotharingia with their ...R5: A map I made for my completed game of Lotharingia. I inherited both Great Britain and Castile in personal union so I took their colonies. I had Austria as well but I Revoked the Privilegia which forced me to give it up. I could enact the Renovatio Imperii at the end as well. I thought adding administrative divisions in the empire would look ...Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician and political adviser important, both as a metaphysician and as a logician, and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. Born in Leipzig in 1646 he eventually ended up in the service of John Frederick the duke of Braunschweig ...Portugal. Portugal earns its place in our EU4 Beginner Nations Guide as a prime choice for beginners interested in diplomacy and exploration. Their location and historical friends provide safety for development and expansion. Portugal’s major draw lies in the Age of Exploration, which can lead the way in exploring the New World, Africa, and …Here are 17 plants that repel mosquitoes both indoors and out and why it's a good idea to invest in plants that repel mosquitoes instead of chemical bug sprays. Expert Advice On Im...Europa Universalis 4 Wiki Active Wikis. Age of Wonders 4 Empire of Sin Cities: Skylines 2 Crusader Kings 3 Europa Universalis 4 Hearts of Iron 4 Hunter: ... The below is one of many player suggested strategies for Lotharingia. Bear in mind, due to the dynamic nature of the game, it may unfold differently for other players. ...Europa Universalis 4 Wiki ... This is a compilation and strategy article for Lotharingia. Mechanics and flavor content are ...Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician and political adviser important, both as a metaphysician and as a logician, and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. Born in Leipzig in 1646 he eventually ended up in the service of John Frederick the duke of Braunschweig ...Good morning, Quartz readers! Good morning, Quartz readers! TikTok plans to sue the US government. The app, owned by Chinese company ByteDance, said on Saturday that it will file a...The Duchies of Lorraine and Barrois are the missing link, and clearly belong under our ownership. Burgundy owns all provinces in the Lorraine area. Burgundy gains a permanent claim on the following provinces: Liege (93) Aachen (1878) Loon (2974) Upper Guelders (1742) Placate subjects. Control Liege.America has gotten good at growing more wheat with less land. That's about to stop. The number of acres on which US farmers grow wheat has hit its lowest point since the government... R5: Managed to restore Charlemagne's borders in this Burgundy > Lotharingia campaign, with multiple unicorns forming as an interesting bonus. On top of the entirety of Europe remaining catholic, Muscovy was completely partitioned by Lithuania, Denmark and the Golden Horde, leaving Siberia empty. Lotharingia is the hereditary Holy Roman Emperor ... Land of Bishops. +1 Missionary. Europa Universalis Imperii. −20% Core-creation cost. Ambition: −10% Aggressive expansion impact. Lotharingia is a formable nation in Europe, which can be formed by Burgundy or Lorraine . Yes, you're reading that correctly. AI burgundy did indeed form Lotharingia and then bullied the hell out of me. I have no idea how they managed it, but they...For 1) only do excommunication wars and reconquest wars, but first ally Austria. Rival France and England (or ally England instead) and insult them. Try to get Castille or Aragon as allies. Release Champagne by grabbing Rethelois from Nevers. Get the Strong Duchies interaction from the nobility estate.Go to eu4 r/eu4 • by ... Additional comment actions. R5: Never seen AI form Lotharingia, so was quite surprised when I saw the popup. I've been allied to France from the beginning of the game, and have been in multiple wars versus Burgundy in the past 150 years, yet they not only survived, but flourished restoring Lothar's crown! ...You can form these and still choose any nation as a start and end tag, as already mentioned France, England or Bohemia ( +1 Diplomatic Reputation, -15% Diplomatic Annexation cost, -5 Years of seperatism, +1 Monarch Diplomatic skill) are viable candidates. For end-tag suitable candidates are Lotharingia, Germany, Mughals or Yuan.When Charles, the heir of your starting ruler, dies while being the ruler of burgundy you get Marie of burgundy by event. As for increasing chances of a female heir, you don't. #1. DeadRabbit Jan 18, 2021 @ 2:42am. Just disinherit as much as possible, hoping to get a female heir, or if you get an event to take a female heir, (obviously) take it. The Lotharingian Traditions are: National manpower modifier: +25%. Infantry combat ability: +10%. And their ideas are: Legacy of the Carolingians: Prestige decay -1%. Glory of Charlemagne: Morale of Armies +15%. Wealth of the Low Countries: Trade efficiency +10%. New Carolingian Renaissance: Idea Cost -10%. The court of Europe: Yearly Prestige ... Europa Expanded (formerly known as Missions Expanded!) , your go-to Vanilla Expansion & Enhancement mod. We have hundreds of mission trees, each with in-depth, historical, and immersive missions, localization, and rewards geared towards balance and player enjoyment. Under Paradox’s current mission system, the majority of …The Duchies of Lorraine and Barrois are the missing link, and clearly belong under our ownership. Burgundy owns all provinces in the Lorraine area. Burgundy gains a permanent claim on the following provinces: Liege (93) Aachen (1878) Loon (2974) Upper Guelders (1742) Placate subjects. Control Liege.draxxilion. • 4 yr. ago. Lotharingian ideas are much better for mid-late game, and even arguably better at the start; definitely recommend switching ideas. 11. -Duiker-. • 4 yr. ago. If you want to expand militarily use the Lotharingian ideas. You also get more claims. However, you will make less money from Trade - I usually lose about 25% ...OP • 3 yr. ago. R5: my Burgundy -> Lotharingia -> HRE run which had been quite amusing. I had almost all of France and lowlands by 1500, but since I no CB'd Naples and trucebroke+vassalised France, I got a massive coalition and 200AE with all of HRE for a while, forcing me to release Orleans and sit for like half a century doing nothing.Engineers at Dyson want to know: Are your kids ready for a challenge? Well, maybe they weren’t before, but they’ve been home for a month now and they’re bored out of their minds. N...R5: Got the achievement. Got a PU on England in 1540 after a 10 year war with Spain, and a PU on Austria in 1601 and it was (almost) cake from there. Only had to fight off 4 full European coalitions. Wasn't strong enough to contest the Russian succession in ~1520, so it went to Denmark. I claimed the Commonwealth throne but was allied to them ...Today Divvy, a Utah-based startup that focuses on corporate spend management, announced that it has closed a $165 million round at a $1.6 billion valuation. The company said that t...ive seen people do Netherlands as burgundy but i never saw the point, burgundy is already much bigger so i’d say Lotharingia. if you wanna do netherlands you can always break free as holland and do it that way. Lotharingia has insaneeee ideas and amazing missions go Lothar erry day. kill france, form lotharingia.R5: A map I made for my completed game of Lotharingia. I inherited both Great Britain and Castile in personal union so I took their colonies. I had Austria as well but I Revoked the Privilegia which forced me to give it up. I could enact the Renovatio Imperii at the end as well. I thought adding administrative divisions in the empire would look ...Go to eu4 r/eu4 • by ... This is my second run, I’ve now turned it into Lotharingia and got the achievement. The AE is just ridiculous though. Even taking two province Lorraine is like 80 AE Reply MatthewPCurryBoi ...Ur gonna go reg France, wait for lotharingia. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio.You will get Marie as a ruler when you stay independent during the burgundian succession crisis. If you don't manage to firm Lotharingia during her reign you'll have to disinherit heirs until you get a female ruler. There is an event which is named "talented and ambitious daughter" which gives you a female heir.Europa Universalis IV. Quickest way to form Lotharingia? Dismantle HRE? RedArmy. Jul 29, 2021. Jump to latest Follow Reply. I would like to form Lotharingia …Hey guys, welcome to the latest EU4 expansion, the Emperor patch! In this first campaign, we'll be playing as Burgundy, trying to form Lotharingia with their...I could not find these anywhere since the update just came out today, so I decided I’d share them here for everyone. The Lotharingian Traditions are: National manpower modifier: …There's no easy solution. This post has been updated after Facebook changed its policies Feb. 7. After the UK’s health secretary Matt Hancock told tech companies to clean their pla...EU4 1.35 Burgundy into France or Lotharingia. With Frances new OP mission tree, is there any reason to form Lotharingia as Burgundy instead of France (except for the Achievement of course). Going Burgundy->Netherlands->France->HRE seems so much better than Burgundy->Lotharingia without being that much more of an effort... Archived post.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher, mathematician and political adviser important, both as a metaphysician and as a logician, and distinguished also for his independent invention of the differential and integral calculus. Born in Leipzig in 1646 he eventually ended up in the service of John Frederick the duke of Braunschweig ...Jul 23, 2021 · EU4 formable nations. Here is the full list of the 66 basic formable nations in EU. Algiers. Andalusia. Aotearoa. Arabia. Armenia. Bavaria. Bharat. Typically you also have a large morale advantage due to fighting a lot and therefore having higher army tradition and prestige (Lotharingia has 15% morale compared to 10% from Burgundy which helps as well). CCR reduces the coring time too, which is arguably the more important part about it, especially in late game.With a little more conquest and care with aggressive expansion we form Lotharingia, now we just need a Marie.Watch live on twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/xobi...LOT. The command to play as Lotharingia in EU4 is: tag LOT. The command to kill the ruler of Lotharingia is: kill LOT. The cheat to add Lotharingia to your country's interest is: add_interest LOT. The country tag for Lotharingia in Europa Universalis IV. This can be used in the tag command to play as Lotharingia.the event new_flavour_bur.4 which can be triggered by a burgundian mission from the Emperor DLC. So the only countries that you can form before Lotharingia are countries that don't change your missions. Forming France changes your missions (it doesn't matter if you take the french ideas or not, the missions change anyway). 4. Kriss_Makes_Art.While National Cereal Day is being celebrated March 7, cereal makers have serious concerns about years of sales declines. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and p...Mary of Lotharingia Achievement. Woke: Getting the achievement within 78 years of game start by simply rushing the lands you'd need to form Lotharingia while the scripted Marie is still alive, even after not getting the free integration on your PUs from events, and wasting a total of 8 years on a crusade against the Ottomans.ive seen people do Netherlands as burgundy but i never saw the point, burgundy is already much bigger so i’d say Lotharingia. if you wanna do netherlands you can always break free as holland and do it that way. Lotharingia has insaneeee ideas and amazing missions go Lothar erry day. kill france, form lotharingia.PRINCIPAL VARIABLE CONTRACTS EQUITY INCOME ACCOUNT CLASS 1- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksAnyone knows what gfx unit models Burgundy and Lotharingia are using, or a way to find out? I know how to create a basic mod to change nation’s units looks by cloning it from another nation. Trouble is that Burgundy for example only has 1 specific unit (infantry 1), so BUR_INFANTRY_1 can be cloned, but BUR_INFANTRY_2 and above doesn’t exist.I finished my (very nice) Lotharingia campaign a couple of days ago. I just formed Lotharingia and threw all of those ungodly boychildren I was given in the fires. At last the gods smiled upon us and a girl was born. I named her MARIE. That's the achievement. It just says to form Lotharingia and have a female ruler named Marie.OP • 1 yr. ago. R5. I wanted to get both the achievements as Burgundy and form Lotharingia for the first time. Got a lucky PU over Portugal and from there it was game over since they owned most of the Americas. I then stole all of Spain and Britains colonies and claimed economic hegemony with around half a million troops in the field.Lotharingia mission tree without DLC. Imagine if paradox playtested each major update with every single combinations of dlc’s one could have. Imagine if paradox playtested at all. There are 17 expansions, thus there are 2^17 combinations, or 131072. Good luck for them.Go to eu4 r/eu4 • by ... In my opinion, Lotharingia could be retooled into the most HRE-facing French country (especially since it is extremely easy to become Elector as Burgundy), with the choice of Burgundy between re-forming France or forming Lotharingia also being a choice if they went to defy the empire or become emperor.Users share tips and experiences on how to form Lotharingia, a historical kingdom, in the game Europa Universalis IV. Learn about the requirements, missions, and challenges of this achievement.Land of Bishops. +1 Missionary. Europa Universalis Imperii. −20% Core-creation cost. Ambition: −10% Aggressive expansion impact. Lotharingia is a formable …New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. 4. 4. Sort by: RealWolfgangHD. • 2 yr. ago. If you are in the game and look at the achievement in the achievement menu (top right) you can hold your mouse over the conditions, if one of the conditions is "Is burgundy" (what I think it is), you need to stay as burgundy for that one. 3. true.You need to be elected as the HRE emperor or dismantle HRE. Just ally most electors, improve relation and have high dip rep, legitimacy and prestige (and of course male ruler). You should be fine to be elected. Dismantling HRE is harder, but require allying, subjegation or occupying all the electors capitals and occupying emperor capital.Burgundy to Lotharingia is Overpowered — One Faith WC True One Tag. A fun quick world conquest as Burgundy. Formed the HRE but conquered the world myself as the swarm is unwieldy. Did one Faith, failed one culture. Strangely, my Burgundian conquest achievement showed in the menu but didn’t register on Steam.Personally while the Burgundian military ideas are stronger, the rest of the ideas are better for Lotharingia, especially the CCR, idea cost, and AE impact reduction. Trade efficiency is always nice, since you'll be trying to dominate the English channel, and the prestige and missionary are nothing to scoff at. 4. Reply. The Lotharingian Traditions are: National manpower modifier: +25%. Infantry combat ability: +10%. And their ideas are: Legacy of the Carolingians: Prestige decay -1%. Glory of Charlemagne: Morale of Armies +15%. Wealth of the Low Countries: Trade efficiency +10%. New Carolingian Renaissance: Idea Cost -10%. The court of Europe: Yearly Prestige ... Lotharingia does not exist. Country is a Catholic monarchy. Primary culture is either in the Germanic group, or is Wallonian or Burgundian. One of the following is true: 1) Is the Emperor of the HRE. 2) Is a member of the HRE. 3) Relations with the Emperor are 100 or higher. Owns the following core provinces:Lotharingia does not exist. Country is a Catholic monarchy. Primary culture is either in the Germanic group, or is Wallonian or Burgundian. One of the following is true: 1) Is the Emperor of the HRE. 2) Is a member of the HRE. 3) Relations with the Emperor are 100 or higher. Owns the following core provinces: The Lotharingian Traditions are: National manpower modifier: +25%. Infantry combat ability: +10%. And their ideas are: Legacy of the Carolingians: Prestige decay -1%. Glory of Charlemagne: Morale of Armies +15%. Wealth of the Low Countries: Trade efficiency +10%. New Carolingian Renaissance: Idea Cost -10%. The court of Europe: Yearly Prestige ... An EU4 Burgundy Guide focusing on your Starting Moves, explaining eu4 burgundy early to mid game moves in detail how to manage your eu4 1.31 leviathan monume...Hey guys, welcome to the latest EU4 expansion, the Emperor patch!In this first campaign, we'll be playing as Burgundy, trying to form Lotharingia with their ...That's for the clickable decision to form Lotharingia, which is only available for Lorraine (unless you're playing without the Emperor DLC). Burgundy instead restores Lotharingia though an event triggered by their mission tree, whose only requirements are to be at peace and to own and have cores on Aachen, Lorraine, and a total of at least 25 provinces in the Low Countries and Rhineland.Europa Expanded Dev Diary 12.05.2024 Heirs of Charlemagne. Dev Diary (mod) Hello r/eu4 Enthusiasts! Welcome to yet another Europa Expanded Dev Diary. Today we are …
EU4 Burgundy is literally the most versatile nation in eu4, you can play tall, annex france instantly, even get a friend after doing this playthrough....just.... Martinez family court contra costa
R5: I was just about to complete the entire Lotharingia mission tree, finishing with Lead the Empire. The description isn't very clear on the exact requirements: No country with Capital in Germany with at least size 10. When you hover over it, it only highlights German provinces that aren't owned by me or my vassals so I assumed my vassals ...Europa Expanded Dev Diary 07.01.2024 Frankish Resurgence! Hello everyone and welcome to our first dev diary of the year! Today we will be talking about Aachen and their formable country - Francia! Some of you may be aware that we have had Aachen content already made in 2018. It’s by now much outdated and we decided needed a shakeup.In this play through series in EU4 1.32, we will be playing as Burgundy and attempting to get the Mary of Lotharingia achiecement. Throughout the course of t...Today we revisit EU4 and Burgundy! Forming Lotharingia as Burgundy in EU4 is a great time. I have previously been bullied by AI burgundy, but today we adopt ...Looking for a better way to carry your water bottle? Instructables user hpstoutharrow shows how to make a clever carrying strap using camp cord, ingenuity, and some knot-tying skil...330K subscribers in the eu4 community. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by…I finished my (very nice) Lotharingia campaign a couple of days ago. I just formed Lotharingia and threw all of those ungodly boychildren I was given in the fires. At last the gods smiled upon us and a girl was born. I named her MARIE. That's the achievement. It just says to form Lotharingia and have a female ruler named Marie.You can form these and still choose any nation as a start and end tag, as already mentioned France, England or Bohemia ( +1 Diplomatic Reputation, -15% Diplomatic Annexation cost, -5 Years of seperatism, +1 Monarch Diplomatic skill) are viable candidates. For end-tag suitable candidates are Lotharingia, Germany, Mughals or Yuan.Easy personal unions, cheap advisors, low aggressive expansion and mutual weakening of other superpowers helped me to achieve all the achievements with Lotharingia without any problems... Nice. The game is just easier. 344K subscribers in the eu4 community. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa ...413 votes, 44 comments. 325K subscribers in the eu4 community. A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game…A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. Members Online • Galaick ... Now i looked at the wiki and saw that Lotharingia upgrades you to Kingdom rank. My question basically is, would forming Lotharingia allow you to become a kingdom in the HRE without ...How to unlock the Mary of Lotharingia achievement in Europa Universalis IV (Windows): Starting as Burgundy, form Lotharingia and have a female ruler named Marie.A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. Members Online Mary of LotharingiaYou can form these and still choose any nation as a start and end tag, as already mentioned France, England or Bohemia ( +1 Diplomatic Reputation, -15% Diplomatic Annexation cost, -5 Years of seperatism, +1 Monarch Diplomatic skill) are viable candidates. For end-tag suitable candidates are Lotharingia, Germany, Mughals or Yuan.Go to eu4 r/eu4 • by ... In my opinion, Lotharingia could be retooled into the most HRE-facing French country (especially since it is extremely easy to become Elector as Burgundy), with the choice of Burgundy between re-forming France or forming Lotharingia also being a choice if they went to defy the empire or become emperor.grotaclas Oct 26, 2020 @ 11:27am. With the emperor DLC, Burgundy can form Lotharingia with the mission The Crown of Lothair [eu4.paradoxwikis.com] #2. Keaton Oct 26, 2020 @ 1:49pm. Can reconfirm it - with Burgandy I formed Lotharingia. #3. Mr.M Oct 26, 2020 @ 2:26pm. Oh, okay. #4.Finally, the Turner & Hooch TV series we've all been waiting for (oh, and also Black Widow). It seems like we’ve been waiting forever, but finally, the day has almost arrived. Yes,... LOT. The command to play as Lotharingia in EU4 is: tag LOT. The command to kill the ruler of Lotharingia is: kill LOT. The cheat to add Lotharingia to your country's interest is: add_interest LOT. The country tag for Lotharingia in Europa Universalis IV. This can be used in the tag command to play as Lotharingia. Burgundy held onto independence and have started eating France in turns with Britain. Exciting stuff as I’ve never seen them form Lotharingia! Allied them to ensure they don’t get wrecked but they’re doing more than fine themselves with some decent allies, including a ….